Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
Volume 28, Issue 4 , Pages 401-408 , July 2010

Molecular pathways of urothelial development and bladder tumorigenesis

References 

  1. Theodorescu D. Molecular pathogenesis of urothelial bladder cancer. Histol Histopathol. 2003;18:259–274
  2. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:71–96
  3. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. In:  Eble JN,  Sauter G,  Epstein JI, et al. editor. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: 6. IARC Press; Oxford University Press (distributor); 2004;Oxford
  4. Mitra N, Indurkhya A. A propensity score approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of medical therapies from observational data. Health Econ. 2005;14:805–815
  5. Eble JN, Young RH. Carcinoma of the urinary bladder: A review of its diverse morphology. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1997;14:98–108
  6. Reuter VE. The pathology of bladder cancer. Urology. 2006;67:11–17
  7. Greene FL American Joint Committee on Cancer. NetLibrary Inc.. AJCC cancer staging atlas. New York, NY: Springer; 2006;
  8. Dinney CP, McConkey DJ, Millikan RE, et al. Focus on bladder cancer. Cancer Cell. 2004;6:111–116
  9. Haukaas S, Daehlin L, Maartmann-Moe H, et al. The long-term outcome in patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: A single-institutional experience. BJU Int. 1999;83:957–963
  10. Bryan RT, Wallace DM. ‘Superficial' bladder cancer—time to uncouple pT1 tumors from pTa tumours. BJU Int. 2002;90:846–852
  11. Davies BR. Gene products involved in metastasis of bladder cancer. Histol Histopathol. 2003;18:969–980
  12. Cheng L, Cheville JC, Neumann RM, et al. Survival of patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Cancer. 1999;85:2469–2474
  13. Cordon-Cardo C. Molecular alterations associated with bladder cancer initiation and progression. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2008;(Suppl):154–165
  14. Fuchs E, Horsley V. More than one way to skin. Genes Dev. 2008;22:976–985
  15. Moll R, Divo M, Langbein L. The human keratins: Biology and pathology. Histochem Cell Biol. 2008;129:705–733
  16. Harnden P, Eardley I, Joyce AD, et al. Cytokeratin 20 as an objective marker of urothelial dysplasia. Br J Urol. 1996;78:870–875
  17. Sheinfeld J, Reuter VE, Fair WR, et al. Expression of blood group antigens in bladder cancer: Current concepts. Semin Surg Oncol. 1992;8:308–315
  18. Wu XR, Lin JH, Walz T, et al. Mammalian uroplakins (A group of highly conserved urothelial differentiation-related membrane proteins). J Biol Chem. 1994;269:13716–13724
  19. Di Como CJ, Urist MJ, Babayan I, et al. p63 expression profiles in human normal and tumor tissues. Clin Cancer Res. 2002;8:494–501
  20. Moltzahn FR, Volkmer JP, Rottke D, et al. “Cancer stem cells”—lessons from Hercules to fight the Hydra. Urol Oncol. 2008;26:581–589
  21. Fierabracci A, Caione P, Di Giovine M, et al. Identification and characterization of adult stem/progenitor cells in the human bladder (bladder spheroids): Perspectives of application in pediatric surgery. Pediatr Surg Int. 2007;23:837–839
  22. Nguyen MM, Lieu DK, deGraffenried LA, et al. Urothelial progenitor cells: Regional differences in the rat bladder. Cell Prolif. 2007;40:157–165
  23. Urist MJ, Di Como CJ, Lu ML, et al. Loss of p63 expression is associated with tumor progression in bladder cancer. Am J Pathol. 2002;161:1199–1206
  24. Nguyen PL, Swanson PE, Jaszcz W, et al. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (A multivariate survival analysis). Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101:166–176
  25. Black PC, Agarwal PK, Dinney CP. Targeted therapies in bladder cancer–an update. Urol Oncol. 2007;25:433–438
  26. Blehm KN, Spiess PE, Bondaruk JE, et al. Mutations within the kinase domain and truncations of the epidermal growth factor receptor are rare events in bladder cancer: Implications for therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:4671–4677
  27. McBride OW, Swan DC, Santos E, et al. Localization of the normal allele of T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene to chromosome 11. Nature. 1982;300:773–774
  28. Czerniak B, Cohen GL, Etkind P, et al. Concurrent mutations of coding and regulatory sequences of the Ha-ras gene in urinary bladder carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 1992;23:1199–1204
  29. Billerey C, Chopin D, Aubriot-Lorton MH, et al. Frequent FGFR3 mutations in papillary non-invasive bladder (pTa) tumors. Am J Pathol. 2001;158:1955–1959
  30. Hernandez S, Lopez-Knowles E, Lloreta J, et al. Prospective study of FGFR3 mutations as a prognostic factor in non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3664–3671
  31. Junker K, van Oers JM, Zwarthoff EC, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutations in bladder tumors correlate with low frequency of chromosome alterations. Neoplasia. 2008;10:1–7
  32. Jebar AH, Hurst CD, Tomlinson DC, et al. FGFR3 and Ras gene mutations are mutually exclusive genetic events in urothelial cell carcinoma. Oncogene. 2005;24:5218–5225
  33. Dalbagni G, Presti J, Reuter V, et al. Genetic alterations in bladder cancer. Lancet. 1993;342:469–471
  34. Zieger K, Dyrskjot L, Wiuf C, et al. Role of activating fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutations in the development of bladder tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:7709–7719
  35. Gomez-Roman JJ, Saenz P, Molina M, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is overexpressed in urinary tract carcinomas and modulates the neoplastic cell growth. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:459–465
  36. Lopez-Knowles E, Hernandez S, Malats N, et al. PIK3CA mutations are an early genetic alteration associated with FGFR3 mutations in superficial papillary bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 2006;66:7401–7404
  37. Hornigold N, Devlin J, Davies AM, et al. Mutation of the 9q34 gene TSC1 in sporadic bladder cancer. Oncogene. 1999;18:2657–2661
  38. McGarvey TW, Maruta Y, Tomaszewski JE, et al. PTCH gene mutations in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Oncogene. 1998;17:1167–1172
  39. Habuchi T, Luscombe M, Elder PA, et al. Structure and methylation-based silencing of a gene (DBCCR1) within a candidate bladder cancer tumor suppressor region at 9q32-q33. Genomics. 1998;48:277–288
  40. Louhelainen JP, Hurst CD, Pitt E, et al. DBC1 re-expression alters the expression of multiple components of the plasminogen pathway. Oncogene. 2006;25:2409–2419
  41. Lopez-Beltran A, Alvarez-Kindelan J, Luque RJ, et al. Loss of heterozygosity at 9q32–33 (DBC1 locus) in primary noninvasive papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential and low-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and their associated normal urothelium. J Pathol. 2008;215:263–272
  42. Orlow I, LaRue H, Osman I, et al. Deletions of the INK4A gene in superficial bladder tumors (Association with recurrence). Am J Pathol. 1999;155:105–113
  43. Cordon-Cardo C, Wartinger D, Petrylak D, et al. Altered expression of the retinoblastoma gene product: Prognostic indicator in bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84:1251–1256
  44. Cordon-Cardo C, Zhang ZF, Dalbagni G, et al. Cooperative effects of p53 and pRB alterations in primary superficial bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 1997;57:1217–1221
  45. Chatterjee SJ, George B, Goebell PJ, et al. Hyperphosphorylation of pRb: A mechanism for RB tumor suppressor pathway inactivation in bladder cancer. J Pathol. 2004;203:762–770
  46. Hernando E, Nahle Z, Juan G, et al. Rb inactivation promotes genomic instability by uncoupling cell cycle progression from mitotic control. Nature. 2004;430:797–802
  47. Sarkis AS, Dalbagni G, Cordon-Cardo C, et al. Nuclear overexpression of p53 protein in transitional cell bladder carcinoma: A marker for disease progression. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:53–59
  48. Cordon-Cardo C, Dalbagni G, Saez GT, et al. p53 mutations in human bladder cancer: Genotypic versus phenotypic patterns. Int J Cancer. 1994;56:347–353
  49. George B, Datar RH, Wu L, et al. p53 gene and protein status: The role of p53 alterations in predicting outcome in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5352–5358
  50. Di Cristofano A, Pandolfi PP. The multiple roles of PTEN in tumor suppression. Cell. 2000;100:387–390
  51. Puzio-Kuter AM, Castillo-Martin M, Kinkade CW, et al. Inactivation of p53 and PTEN promotes invasive bladder cancer. Genes Dev. 2009;23:675–680
  52. Cully M, You H, Levine AJ, et al. Beyond PTEN mutations: The PI3K pathway as an integrator of multiple inputs during tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:184–192
  53. Mo L, Zheng X, Huang HY, et al. Hyperactivation of Ha-ras oncogene, but not Ink4a/Arf deficiency, triggers bladder tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:314–325
  54. Zhang ZT, Pak J, Huang HY, et al. Role of Ha-ras activation in superficial papillary pathway of urothelial tumor formation. Oncogene. 2001;20:1973–1980
  55. Cheng J, Huang H, Zhang ZT, et al. Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor in urothelium elicits urothelial hyperplasia and promotes bladder tumor growth. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4157–4163
  56. Zhang ZT, Pak J, Shapiro E, et al. Urothelium-specific expression of an oncogene in transgenic mice induced the formation of carcinoma in situ and invasive transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1999;59:3512–3517
  57. Gao J, Huang HY, Pak J, et al. p53 Deficiency provokes urothelial proliferation and synergizes with activated Ha-ras in promoting urothelial tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 2004;23:687–696
  58. Tsuruta H, Kishimoto H, Sasaki T, et al. Hyperplasia and carcinomas in PTEN-deficient mice and reduced PTEN protein in human bladder cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2006;66:8389–8396

PII: S1078-1439(09)00146-X

doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.04.019

Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations
Volume 28, Issue 4 , Pages 401-408 , July 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution